| The following table
summarises the data from the research of Ilkiw et al:
clinical
signs |
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|
TABULATED SUMMARY OF ILKIW and TURNER's EXPERIMENTS |
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|
PARAMETER |
CONTROL |
STAGE 1 paresis |
STAGE 2 unable to walk |
STAGE 3 unable to right |
STAGE 4 unable to right and lacking limb withdrawal reflexes |
STAGE 5 moribund |
| article 1
article 2 article 3 article 4 |
- n=10 n=14 n=6 |
n=7 n=4 n=5 n=5 |
n=7 n=4 n=6 n=5 |
n=7 n=4 n=3 n=4 |
n=7 n=4 n=6 n=4 |
n=7 n=5 - n=4 |
|
the different colours represent the different treament groups used in each of Ilkiw's papers all figures represent MEAN +/- SEM * = p<0.05, ** = p<0.02, *** = p<0.01, **** = p<0.001 |
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| article 1 | Ilkiw JE and Turner DM and Howlett CR (1987) Infestation on the dog by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus 1. Clinical and histological findings. Australian Veterinary Journal 64 (5) 137-139. Staging system 1-5 as defined in table below. | |||||
| article 2 | Ilkiw JE and Turner DM CR (1987a) Infestation on the dog by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus 2 Blood gas and pH, haematological and biochemical findings. Australian Veterinary Journal 64 (5) 139-141. Staging system as for article 1. | |||||
| article 3 | Ilkiw JE and Turner DM CR
(1987b) Infestation on the dog by the paralysis tick Ixodes
holocyclus 3 Respiratory Effects. Australian Veterinary Journal 64
(5) 142-144. Staging system as follows: Stage 1 - the dogs showed paresis when walked Stage 2 - the dogs were unable to stand but could right Stage 3 - the dogs were unable to right Stage 4 - moribund |
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| article 4 | Ilkiw JE and Turner DM CR
(1988) Infestation on the dog by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus
4 Cardiovascular Effects. Australian Veterinary Journal 65 (8)
232-235. Staging system as follows: Stage 1 - the dogs showed ataxia when walked Stage 2 - the dogs were unable to stand but could right themselves Stage 3 - the dogs were unable to right themselves Stage 4 - within 4 hours of death Stage 5 - just prior to death |
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|
CLINICAL SIGNS |
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| control | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|
paresis - The signs observed were firstly a change in character of the bark to a hoarse "husky" type and then a slight paresis of the hindlimbs. The dogs appeared alert, ate and drank normally and did not vomit. Coughing was observed in one dog. The character of respiration was normal. |
unable to walk - The dogs were in lateral recumbency, but could right themselves and hold this position if prompted. They crawled around the floor, were alert and responded by tail-wagging when approached. Withdrawal reflexes were present in all limbs when interdigital skin was pinched. There was no apparent central awareness of pain when the skin of the neck or forelimbs was pinched, but painful stimulation elsewhere resulted in movement and the dogs would look at that area. The pupils were normal in size and responsive to light. Although the gag reflex was diminished, the dogs appeared to be able to swallow, as no saliva was noticed to pool on the floor. Two dogs vomited during this stage; one vomited white frothy material, while the other vomited bile-stained material. Retching could be elicited if food was placed in front of some dogs. There was a slight change in respiratory pattern with respiration becoming more noticeable. |
unable to right - The dogs lay in lateral recumbency and despite attempts to right themselves were unable to do so. Withdrawal reflexes were usually present in all limbs, but were slower and weaker. There was no response to a painful stimulus to the neck, between the scapulae and along the forelimbs. The pupils were normal to dilated, but responsive to light. The nictitating membranes were half-way across the eyes. The gag reflex was depressed and saliva pooled on the floor in front of the dogs. Respiration was of a "grunting" type with forced expiration. |
unable to right and lacking limb withdrawal reflexes - There were spontaneous movements of all limbs, although no response was observed to painful stimulation on the neck, thorax, forelimbs, and down the hindlimbs. Painful stimulus to the abdomen or the tail caused attempts at movement. In most dogs the pupils were dilated, the pupillary light reflex was absent in some cases and the nictitating membrane more than half-way across the eye. The gag reflex was depressed and pooling of saliva on the floor in front of the dogs was marked. There appeared to be loss of bladder control with urinary incontinence. Respiration was forced and "grunting" in type. |
moribund - These dogs were within 2 h of death. All withdrawal reflexes had disappeared and the distal half of the tail was the only area which responded with movement to a painful stimulus. The gag reflex was depressed and there was marked pooling of saliva on the floor in front of the dogs. The pupils were dilated and pupillary light reflexes were absent. Respiration was forced and "grunting", the dogs appeared agitated and the limbs seemed to move with respiration. As this stage progressed, the lips were drawn back with each breath and the colour of the mucous membranes appeared grey. Respiration then became gasping and intermittent. The pupils were widely dilated and the corneas dry. |
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| Temp C | 38.61 +/-0.16 | 38.70 +/-0.11 | 38.58 +/-0.06 | 38.38 +/-0.21 | 37.92 +/-0.21 | 37.16 +/-1.01 |
|
BLOOD GASES |
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| CONTROL | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|
PaO2 mmHg |
92.22 +/- 1.63 |
97.45 +/- 3.69 |
88.13 +/-1.64 |
89.88 +/- 2.73 |
74.47 +/-5.26 |
55.64 +/-5.997*** |
| 92.86 +/-1.18 | 78.18 +/-6.05 | 73.18 +/-4.20* | 79.07 +/-7.64 | 57.94 +/-4.53*** | ||
| 85.9 +/-2.3 | 85.9 +/-2.6 | 82.9 +/-4.2 | 80.5 +/-2.5 | 72.6 +/-4.4* | 62.4 +/-2.8** | |
| PaCO2 mmHg | 30.78 +/-0.98 | 25.40 +/- 2.45 | 31.73 +/-2.45 | 31.00 +/-1.83 | 38.84 +/-4.75* | 51.36 +/-3.35*** |
| 32.32 +/-1.03 | 31.33 +/-1.10 | 32.10 +/-2.66 | 32.63 +/-0.49 | 38.0 +/-2.42 | ||
| 33.9 +/-2.1 | 32.2 +/-2.6 | 33.3 +/-2.6 | 36.9 +/-1.7 | 36.8 +/-3.9 | 44.6 +/-1.5*** | |
|
pHa |
7.368 +/-0.008 |
7.395 +/-0.035 |
7.378 +/-0.010 |
7.390 +/-0.011 |
7.318 +/-0.016 |
7.203 +/-0.015*** |
| 7.389 +/-0.006 | 7.358 +/-0.018 | 7.359 +/-0.025 | 7.329 +/-0.008 | 7.314 +/-0.017* | ||
| 7.405 +/-0.004 | 7.424 +/- 0.009 | 7.395 +/-0..017 | 7.385 +/-0.009 | 7.353 +/-0.011** | 7.302 +/-0.025* | |
|
Std HCO3 mmol/L |
19.61 +/-0.47 |
19.20 +/- 0.87 |
20.08 +/-0.45 |
19.98 +/-0.20 |
19.75 +/-0.78 |
17.74 +/-0.54*** |
| 21.23 +/-0.60 | 19.45 +/-0.91**** | 20.35 +/-1.45 | 18.60 +/-0.85 | 19.55 +/-0.61** | ||
|
PAO2-PaO2 mmHg |
17.35 +/-1.03 |
33.25 +/-5.9 |
37.35 +/-1.48*** |
30.77 +/-7.82 |
45.42 +/-2.71**** |
|
|
OTHER RESPIRATORY PARAMETERS |
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| CONTROL | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|
f BPM |
29.9 +/-2.5 |
20.2 +/-1.4*** |
18.3 +/-1.9*** |
12.7 +/-0.7** |
13.3 +/-1.1*** |
|
|
VE mL |
213.6 +/-34.9 |
200.6 +/-53.4 |
193.4 +/-38.3 |
224.7 +/-84.4 |
199.8 +/-51.6 |
|
|
V'E L |
5.686 +/-0.791 |
3.912 +/-0.937 |
3.651 +/-0.554 |
2.954 +/- 1.263** |
2.556 +/-0.592*** |
|
|
tE sec |
1.29 +/-0.09 |
1.90 +/-0.09*** |
1.87 +/-0.28* |
2.53 +/-0.30 |
2.68 +/-0.44*** |
|
|
FECO2 mmHg |
15.02 +/-0.44 |
12.50 +/-0.83 |
13.80 +/-1.08 |
11.40 +/-1.40 |
16.00 +/-1.07 |
|
|
BIOCHEMISTRY |
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| CONTROL | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| NNa mmol/L | 146.6 +/-0.4 | 145.5 +/-1.3 | 146.3 +/-0.5 | 146.3 +/-0.6 | 144.5 +/-0.9 | 144.0 +/-2.6 |
| K mmol/L | 4.51 +/-0.07 | 4.48 +/-0.11 | 3.90 +/-0.12** | 4.08 +/-0.14 | 3.83 +/-0.13** | 4.04 +/-0.40 |
| Ca mmol/L | 2.61 +/-0.01 | 2.59 +/-0.04 | 2.53 +/-0.02 | 2.53 +/-0.08 | 2.55 +/-0.05 | 2.60 +/-0.07 |
| Mg mmol/L | 0.77 +/-0.02 | 0.75 +/-0.04 | 0.71 +/-0.02 | 0.71 +/-0.03 | 0.079 +/-0.08 | 0.92 +/-0.12 |
| PO4 mmol/L | 1.32 +/-0.04 | 1.53 +/-0.15 | 1.28 +/-0.10 | 1.43 +/-0.14 | 1.82 +/-0.11 | 2.23 +/-0.12*** |
| TP g/L | 65.5 +/-0.7 | 67.8 +/-2.0* | 66.3 +/-0.9 | 66.8 +/-1.3 | 69.8 +/-3.9 | 74.6 +/-4.8 |
| ALB g/L | 29.4 +/-0.4 | 29.5 +/-1.2 | 27.3 +/-1.0** | 28.3 +/-1.7 | 28.3 +/-1.3 | 29.8 +/-1.6 |
| TCO2 mmol/L | 20.96 +/-0.77 | 15.32 +/-1.92 | 17.18 +/-0.39 | 17.40 +/-0.73*** | 19.70 +/-0.80 | 17.86 +/-0.99 |
| U mmol/L | 6.50 +/-0.50 | 4.21 +/-0.36 | 3.57 +/-0.39* | 3.50 +/-0.46** | 4.46 +/-0.50* | 4.86 +/- 0.79 |
| CHOL mmol/L | 4.79 +/- 0.20 | 5.11 +/-0.14 | 5.61 +/-0.51 | 5.14 +/-0.24 | 6.99 +/-1.00*** | 6.85 +/-0.82* |
| GLUC mmol/L | 6.13 +/-0.14 | 6.24 +/-0.52 | 6.99 +/-0.03*** | 6.56 +/-0.24** | 9.94 +/-2.41*** | 11.26 +/-2.64 |
| AP u/L | 52.8 +/-6.7 | 63.8 +/-16.9 | 82.3 +/-14.8 | 64.3 +/-19.6 | 58.3 +/-7.6 | 64.8 +/-8.8 |
| TBIL umol/L | 5.81 +/-0.17 | 3.93 +/-0.51 | 3.42 +/-0.00**** | 2.56 +/-0.51**** | 2.22 +/-1.03 | 1.71 +/-1.03* |
| CPK u/L | 22.3 +/-1.9 | 19.3 +/-5.3 | 27.3 +/-4.8 | 57.8 +/-35.0 | 22.8 +/-5.7 | 223.0 +/-152.4*** |
| CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS | ||||||
| CONTROL | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| HR b/min | 102 +/-9 | 135 +/-16* | 128 +/-15 | 128 +/-16 | 111 +/-10 | 78 +/-3 |
| AP mmHg | 94.5 +/-1.9 | 111.8 +/-2.1*** | 122.4 +/-4.2** | 122.8 +/-5.6* | 135.5 +/-6.0** | 134.3 +/-7.4* |
| PA mmHg | 12.5 +/-0.7 | 12.6 +/-1.3 | 16.2 +/-1.2* | 18.8 +/-2.8* | 20.5 +/-1.2*** | 16.5 +/-1.4 |
| LA mmHg | 4.7 n=3 | 5.0 n=2 | 4.5 n=2 | 5.0 n=2 | 4.5 n=2 | 9.5 n=2 |
| AF L/min | 3.5 +/-0.2 | 3.0 +/-0.4 | 2.7 +/-0.2* | 2.6 +/-0.5 | 3.2 +/-0.3 | 3.0 +/-0.8 |
| CO mL/min/kg | 123 +/-9 | 105 +/-17 | 93 +/-11* | 93 +/-22 | 112 +/-13 | 107 +/-34 |
| SV mL/kg | 1.23 +/-0.09 | 0.85 +/- 0.22 | 0.78 +/-0.15* | 0.86 +/-0.36 | 1.07 +/-0.24 | 0.33 +/-0.37 |
| SVR arbitrary units | 0.80 +/-0.07 | 1.15 +/-0.14* | 1.39 +/-0.16* | 1.56 +/-0.36 | 1.26 +/-0.14* | 1.65 +/-0.43 |
| PDP mmHg | 7.3 n=3 | 9.5 n=2 | 10.5 n=2 | 9.5 n=2 | 14.0 n=2 | 6.0 n=2 |
| PVR arbitrary units | 0.06 n=3 | 0.10 n=2 | 0.12 n=2 | 0.12 n=2 | 0.15 n=2 | 0.10 n=2 |
| dP/dT:llT /sec^2 | 2950 +/-190 | 2860 +/-190 | 2700 +/-280 | 2200 +/-480 | 2510 +/-130 | 3060 +/-300 |
| PVO2 mmHg | 38.1 +/-1.0 | 41.3 +/-0.8* | 40.7 +/-1.3 | 41.0 +/-1.8 | 41.5 +/-1.2* | 39.4 +/-0.5 |
| PVCO2 mmHg | 37.1 +/-2.1 | 36.4 +/-2.1 | 36.9 +/-2.6 | 40.5 +/-2.5 | 40.0 +/3.1 | 47.0 +/-2.2*** |
| pHV | 7.385 +/-0.004 | 7.397 +/-0.012 | 7.372 +/-0.014 | 7.364 +/-0.005 | 7.316 +/-0.011** | 7.295 +/-0.016** |
| heart rhythm abnormalities n=7 | vent tachy(dog#1)
normal (#2) sinus tachy (#6) |
sinus arrhyth with episodic
vent beats (#1)
sinus tachy (#6) sinus tachy (#7) |
normal (#1)
sinus tachy (#2) sinus arrest (#4) sinus tachy (#6) PVC progressing to multifocal vent tachy (#6) |
sinus brady, sinus arrest,
occas vent escaoe beats (#1)
normal (#2) normal (#4) vent tachy (#5) sinus tachy (#6) normal with wandering pacemaker progressing to vent tachy (#7) sinus arrest (#8?) |
sinus brady (#2)
sinus brady, sinus arrest (#4) AV dissociation with synchrony then atrial standstill with vent ectopic beats (#5) |
|
| Configuration abnormalitites | T wave amplitude increased (#2) | S-T segment depression (#1) | S-T segment depression (#1)
T wave amplitude increased (#2) Overall amplitude decreased(#4) |
biphasic T waves (#2)
mild Q-T segment prolongation (#4) T wave amplitude increased (#6) Overall amplitude decreased (#8?) |
T wave amplitude increased,
R wave disappearance (#2)
T wave amplitude increased, mild Q-T prolongation (#4) |
|
| heart rate beats/min + PaO2 mmHg | 70-160 + 80-106 (normal range) | 160 + 106 (#1)
110 + 92 (#2) 170 + 94 (#6) |
110 +84 (#1)
170 + 86 (#6) 165 + 67 (#7) |
100 + 95 (#1)
165 + 92 (#2) 100 + 84 (#4) 170 + 76 (#6) + 68 (#6?) |
60 + 70 (#1)
130 +72 (#2) 110 + 72 (#4) 160 + 68 (#5) 165 + 47 (#6) 70 +67 (#7) 80 + 94 (#8?) |
50 + 25 (#2)
50 +33 (#4) 80 +19 #5) |
| HAEMATOLOGY | ||||||
| CONTROL | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| PCV L/L | 0.46 +/-0.01 n=10 | 0.50 +/-0.02 n=5 | ||||
| TPP g/L | 67.8 +/-1.1 n=10 | 75.8 +/-4.3 n=5 | ||||
| Hb g/L | 147.1 +/-3.4 n=10 | 166.8 +/-7.7** n=5 | ||||
| RBC x10^12/L | 6.36 +/-0.16 n=10 | 6.80 +/-0.30 n=5 | ||||
| WBC x10^9/L | 15.38 +/-1.15 n=10 | 20.82 +/-4.84 n=5 | ||||
| ABBREVIATIONS | ||||||
| pHa = arterial
pH
AF = mean aortic flow ALB = albumin AP = mean arterial pressure AP = alkaline phosphatase Ca = calcium CHOL = cholesterol CO = cardiac output CPK = creatine phosphokinase dP/dt:llT = myocardial contracility f = respiratory rate GLUC = glucose Hb = haemoglobin K = potasium LA = mean left atrial pressure Mg = magnesium Na = sodium PA = mean pulmonary artery pressure PaCO2 = arterial carbon dioxide PaO2 = arterial oxygen tension PAO2-PaO2 = alveolar -arterial oxygen tension difference PCV = packed cell volume PDP = pulmonary driving pressure pHv = mixed venous pH PO4 = phosphate PvCO2 = mixed venous CO2 PvO2 = mixed venous oxygen tension PVP = pulmonary vascular resistance RBC = total red blood cell count Std HCO3 = standard bicarbonate SV = stroke volume SVR = systemic vascular resistance TBIL = total bilirubin TCO2 = total carbon dioxide tE = expiratory time TPP = total plasma protein U = urea VE = expiratory volume V'E = expiratory minute volume WBC = total white blood cell count |
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